Lean statement

Short expansions, counting, and prescribed denominators

Lean is a language for mathematical statements and proofs that a computer can verify. This page shows one statement file from OpenAI’s release, possible paper matches and independent reports. The code-like names below identify the definitions or theorems selected by the proof-verification settings.

Theorems selected for verification: OAI.Problem337.egyptian_length_is_minimum OAI.Problem337.main_double_log_order OAI.Problem337.one_expansions_finite_and_bounded OAI.Problem337.counting_double_log_order OAI.Problem337.exact_marker_padding OAI.Problem337.every_exact_marker_occurs OAI.Problem337.quantitative_marked_length OAI.Problem337.missing_denominator_semantics OAI.Problem337.prescribed_denominator_corollary

Lean statement file: EgyptianFractions.leanShow on the mapFamily 025. OpenAI lists this as a main result in its Lean catalogue.

See the candidate theorem Who ran the proof-verification program Report a comparison with the paper (GitHub issue)

The Lean statement

The lines of the Lean statement that state the theorem, then the definitions in the file that it uses.

theorem egyptian_length_is_minimum :    ∀ a b : ℕ, 1 ≤ a → a < b →  (∃ n : Fin (egyptianLength a b) → ℕ,    IsEgyptianExpansion ((a : ℚ) / (b : ℚ)) n) ∧  (∀ k : ℕ, (∃ n : Fin k → ℕ,    IsEgyptianExpansion ((a : ℚ) / (b : ℚ)) n) →    egyptianLength a b ≤ k) := by  sorry⋮theorem main_double_log_order :    ∃ c1 c2 : ℝ, 0 < c1 ∧ 0 < c2 ∧ ∃ b0 : ℕ,  ∀ b : ℕ, b0 ≤ b →    c1 * Real.log (Real.log (b : ℝ)) ≤ (maxEgyptianLength b : ℝ) ∧    (maxEgyptianLength b : ℝ) ≤ c2 * Real.log (Real.log (b : ℝ)) := by  sorry⋮theorem one_expansions_finite_and_bounded :    (∀ k : ℕ, Set.Finite (OneExpansions k) ∧    F k ≤ k ^ (2 ^ k - 1)) ∧  (∀ k : ℕ, ∀ n : Fin k → ℕ, IsOneExpansion n →    ∀ i : Fin k, n i ≤ k ^ (2 ^ i.val)) := by  sorry⋮theorem counting_double_log_order :    ∃ c C : ℝ, 0 < c ∧ 0 < C ∧ ∃ k0 : ℕ,  ∀ k : ℕ, k0 ≤ k →    c * (k : ℝ) ≤ Real.log (Real.log (F k : ℝ)) ∧    Real.log (Real.log (F k : ℝ)) ≤ C * (k : ℝ) := by  sorry⋮theorem exact_marker_padding :    ∀ r : ℕ, 3 ≤ r → ∀ n : Fin r → ℕ, IsOneExpansion n →  ∀ m : ℕ, (∃ i : Fin r, n i = m) →    ∃ n' : Fin (r + 1) → ℕ,      IsOneExpansion n' ∧ ∃ i : Fin (r + 1), n' i = m := by  sorry⋮theorem every_exact_marker_occurs :    ∀ m : ℕ, 2 ≤ m → ∃ k : ℕ, m ∈ D k := by  sorry⋮theorem quantitative_marked_length :    ∀ ε : ℝ, 0 < ε → ∃ mε : ℕ, 2 ≤ mε ∧  ∀ m : ℕ, mε ≤ m →    ∃ k : ℕ, ∃ n : Fin k → ℕ,      IsOneExpansion n ∧      (∃ i : Fin k, n i = m) ∧      (k : ℝ) ≤ (257 / Real.log 2 + ε) * Real.log (Real.log (m : ℝ)) := by  sorry⋮theorem missing_denominator_semantics :    ∀ k : ℕ,  Set.Finite (D k) ∧  (∃ m : ℕ, m ∈ missingDenominators k) ∧  2 ≤ v k ∧ v k ∉ D k ∧  (∀ m : ℕ, 2 ≤ m → m < v k → m ∈ D k) ∧  (1 ≤ k → v k ≤ 1 + k ^ (2 ^ (k - 1))) := by  sorry⋮theorem prescribed_denominator_corollary :    (∃ k0 : ℕ, ∀ k : ℕ, k0 ≤ k →    Real.exp (Real.exp ((k : ℝ) / 600)) ≤ (v k : ℝ) ∧    v k ≤ 1 + k ^ (2 ^ (k - 1))) ∧  (Real.log 2 / 257 ≤ Filter.liminf prescribedSlope Filter.atTop ∧    Filter.liminf prescribedSlope Filter.atTop ≤      Filter.limsup prescribedSlope Filter.atTop ∧    Filter.limsup prescribedSlope Filter.atTop ≤ Real.log 2) ∧  (∀ c : ℝ, c < Real.log 2 / 257 → ∃ k0 : ℕ,    ∀ k : ℕ, k0 ≤ k →      Real.exp (Real.exp (c * (k : ℝ))) ≤ (v k : ℝ)) := by  sorry

A Lean statement states the theorem and leaves its proof as sorry on purpose. OpenAI’s proof is in a separate solution module, and a program called Comparator checks that proof against this statement.

Definitions needed to read it

Local definitions the statement names, followed through the definitions they name in turn. The match is by name in the source text, so a name reached only through notation can be missed; the full file is below.

definition OAI.Problem337.IsEgyptianExpansion line 11

def IsEgyptianExpansion {k : ℕ} (x : ℚ) (n : Fin k → ℕ) : Prop :=  (∀ i, 2 ≤ n i) ∧ StrictMono n ∧    (∑ i : Fin k, (1 : ℚ) / (n i : ℚ)) = x

definition OAI.Problem337.egyptianLengths line 15

def egyptianLengths (a b : ℕ) : Set ℕ :=  {k | ∃ n : Fin k → ℕ,    IsEgyptianExpansion ((a : ℚ) / (b : ℚ)) n}

definition OAI.Problem337.egyptianLength line 19

def egyptianLength (a b : ℕ) : ℕ :=  sInf (egyptianLengths a b)

definition OAI.Problem337.maxEgyptianLength line 22

def maxEgyptianLength (b : ℕ) : ℕ :=  (Finset.range b).sup (fun a => if 1 ≤ a then egyptianLength a b else 0)

definition OAI.Problem337.IsOneExpansion line 25

def IsOneExpansion {k : ℕ} (n : Fin k → ℕ) : Prop :=  (∀ i, 1 ≤ n i) ∧ StrictMono n ∧    (∑ i : Fin k, (1 : ℚ) / (n i : ℚ)) = 1

definition OAI.Problem337.OneExpansions line 29

def OneExpansions (k : ℕ) : Set (Fin k → ℕ) :=  {n | IsOneExpansion n}

definition OAI.Problem337.F line 32

def F (k : ℕ) : ℕ :=  (OneExpansions k).ncard

definition OAI.Problem337.D line 35

def D (k : ℕ) : Set ℕ :=  {m | 2 ≤ m ∧ ∃ n : Fin k → ℕ,    IsOneExpansion n ∧ ∃ i : Fin k, n i = m}

definition OAI.Problem337.missingDenominators line 39

def missingDenominators (k : ℕ) : Set ℕ :=  {m : ℕ | 2 ≤ m} \ D k

definition OAI.Problem337.v line 42

def v (k : ℕ) : ℕ :=  sInf (missingDenominators k)

definition OAI.Problem337.prescribedSlope line 45

def prescribedSlope (k : ℕ) : ℝ :=  Real.log (Real.log (v k : ℝ)) / (k : ℝ)

Possible paper match, with no recorded review

Atlas selected this possible match by comparing words in the Lean statement with every statement in the family. No review of whether the statements mean the same thing is recorded.

Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: k/600, exp, bound, log and integer. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: theta.

Corollary 1.3 of Short Egyptian fractions

Corollary

For every sufficiently large integer k,

\exp\bigl(\exp(k/600)\bigr)\le v(k)\le1+k^{2^{k-1}}.

More precisely,

\frac{\log2}{257} \le\liminf_{k\to\infty}\frac{\log\log v(k)}k \le\limsup_{k\to\infty}\frac{\log\log v(k)}k \le\log2.

Equivalently for the lower bound, every fixed c<\log2/257 satisfies v(k)\ge\exp(\exp(ck)) for every sufficiently large integer k. In particular \log\log v(k)=\Theta(k).

Section 1, Introduction Read it in the paper TeX source, line 102

Show the TeX

For every sufficiently large integer $k$,
\[
 \exp\bigl(\exp(k/600)\bigr)\le v(k)\le1+k^{2^{k-1}}.
\]
More precisely,
\[
 \frac{\log2}{257}
 \le\liminf_{k\to\infty}\frac{\log\log v(k)}k
 \le\limsup_{k\to\infty}\frac{\log\log v(k)}k
 \le\log2.
\]
Equivalently for the lower bound, every fixed $c<\log2/257$ satisfies
$v(k)\ge\exp(\exp(ck))$ for every sufficiently large integer $k$.
In particular $\log\log v(k)=\Theta(k)$.

Other possible paper matches, closest wording first

Proposition 2.1 of Short Egyptian fractions. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: real, expansions, denominators, log and integer. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: short.
Proposition 8.1 of Short Egyptian fractions. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: occurs, denominator, log and integer. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: terms.
Theorem 1.1 of Short Egyptian fractions. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: bound, log and integer. Found in the paper’s title, which its main theorem states: egyptian.
Corollary 1.2 of Short Egyptian fractions. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: log and integer.

How Atlas selects possible matches: it compares words in the Lean statement with every statement in the family. It also splits Lean names into words. The release’s label and note receive less weight; a main theorem wins a close match. If the Lean wording yields no clear match, Atlas uses the catalogue description. This selects passages to compare; it does not establish that they mean the same thing.

Reported Comparator runs

two independent groups report that Comparator accepted runs for this Lean statement file: Carlos Toledo’s cert-machine; MathVet. Each group reports its own Comparator run for this statement file. Atlas has not repeated the runs.

For a configured theorem, Comparator tests whether OpenAI’s proof proves the exact Lean statement. Some files instead configure definitions for comparison by name and type. Acceptance does not establish that the statement means the same thing as the paper’s theorem.

Carlos Toledo’s cert-machine

How they ran it, in their words

Every Comparator challenge re-run on Linux with nanoda switched on, decided by a preregistered rule; every family’s challenge statements read against OpenAI’s headline, clause by clause. Decider: Comparator (leanprover/comparator d03acab1 = tag v4.34.0, built with the release’s toolchain v4.34.1), lean4export 076e8e57, landrun 811cfff5, nanoda_lib 3a240721 — on GitHub’s Linux runners (.github/workflows/openai-math-kernel.yml), one j…

Accepted Their term: “CERTIFIED”.
Re-run through Comparator with the independent nanoda kernel switched on: Lean’s kernel and nanoda both accept OpenAI’s solution.
Reported 10 October 2026, at the release version shown here. Original verification report

MathVet

How they ran it, in their words

An independent, model-assisted, pre-referee reading of each family’s challenge statements against its headline claim under a published rubric (PROTOCOL.md), with its own Comparator runs per challenge. Its protocol describes a planned error-rate study; this import does not establish that the study has been completed.

Accepted Their term: “comparator-sandboxed-pass”.
Re-run through Comparator in a sandboxed virtual machine: accepted.
Reported 8 October 2026, at the release version shown here. Original verification report

What an accepted Comparator run would establish

If Comparator is run under this configuration and accepts, the solution proves the configured theorem using only the allowed axioms, and the Lean kernel accepts every step.

This configuration lists no definition holes, so every definition the statement uses is compared as it is written in this file.

Allowed axioms: propext, Quot.sound, Classical.choice

Acceptance leaves open whether the Lean statement means the same thing as the paper’s theorem, whether the paper’s other claims are correct, and whether the result is new. Those questions require comparing the definitions and statements, reviewing the paper’s arguments, and reading the earlier literature.

Do family 025’s Lean statements express the advertised result?

These assessments compare all the family’s Lean statements with the whole result OpenAI describes in its catalogue. They do not assess this statement alone. Each group uses its own published rules.

MathVet and cert-machine agree on how much of the advertised result the Lean statements express.

MathVet
Finds the whole advertised result stated or implied Their term: “full”.
The challenge statements imply the headline claim after unpacking definitions or one routine step. Their record
Their note: None; unit-fraction expansions use plain List ℕ/Fin k → ℕ with strict monotonicity and rational sums.
Carlos Toledo’s cert-machine
Finds the whole advertised result stated or implied Their term: “MATCHES”.
The challenge statements state the headline as OpenAI wrote it. Their record

Read the complete assessments on the family page.

OpenAI’s own note on what this Lean statement covers

“The formalization proves that every $a/b$ with $1\le a<b$ has such an expansion and that the largest minimum length at denominator $b$ is $\Theta(\log\log b)$. If $F(k)$ counts exact $k$-term expansions of $1$, it also proves $\log\log F(k)=\Theta(k)$ and bounds every denominator in such an expansion.”
Quoted from OpenAI’s Lean note for this family

An AI agent drafted an interpretation of that note, classifying this statement as “states a paper’s theorem as the paper does”. No human review of the draft is recorded.

Supporting material

The complete Lean statement file

124 lines, copied from release version fd4aeeb. A name defined in this file links to its line; pointing at the name shows its definition.

Declared in this fileOpenAI’s library at fd4aeebOther linked names open the current documentation for Mathlib, Lean’s mathematical library.

Links in the file: 39 to its own declarations, 57 to Mathlib’s documentation. 20 declared names also link to the same declaration in OpenAI’s library. OpenAI uses Mathlib version d13f23b. The linked documentation describes the current version, so names that have since changed may be missing there.

Definitions and lemmas named by the statement

If Comparator accepts a proof, it proves egyptian_length_is_minimum exactly as written here. To compare that statement with the paper, also read the definitions and lemmas listed below. Atlas found them by following names in the source text and lists each after the names it uses. For x.foo, Atlas includes every foo defined here for a type, even when the statement may use only one of them.

It reaches all 11 other declarations of the file; with the theorem itself they span 89 lines. 10 of them are named in the statement itself.

Names in the namespace OAI.Problem337 are listed without it.

def IsEgyptianExpansionline 11in the statementlibrary
def egyptianLengthsline 15library
def egyptianLengthline 19in the statementlibrary
def maxEgyptianLengthline 22in the statementlibrary
def IsOneExpansionline 25in the statementlibrary
def OneExpansionsline 29in the statementlibrary
def Fline 32in the statementlibrary
def Dline 35in the statementlibrary
def missingDenominatorsline 39in the statementlibrary
def vline 42in the statementlibrary
def prescribedSlopeline 45in the statementlibrary
theorem egyptian_length_is_minimumline 48selected theoremlibrary
theorem main_double_log_orderline 57selected theoremlibrary
theorem one_expansions_finite_and_boundedline 64selected theoremlibrary
theorem counting_double_log_orderline 71selected theoremlibrary
theorem exact_marker_paddingline 78selected theoremlibrary
theorem every_exact_marker_occursline 85selected theoremlibrary
theorem quantitative_marked_lengthline 89selected theoremlibrary
theorem missing_denominator_semanticsline 98selected theoremlibrary
theorem prescribed_denominator_corollaryline 107selected theoremlibrary

import Mathlibnamespace OAInoncomputable sectionopen scoped BigOperatorsnamespace Problem337def IsEgyptianExpansion {k : ℕ} (x : ℚ) (n : Fin k → ℕ) : Prop :=  (∀ i, 2 ≤ n i) ∧ StrictMono n ∧    (∑ i : Fin k, (1 : ℚ) / (n i : ℚ)) = xdef egyptianLengths (a b : ℕ) : Set ℕ :=  {k | ∃ n : Fin k → ℕ,    IsEgyptianExpansion ((a : ℚ) / (b : ℚ)) n}def egyptianLength (a b : ℕ) : ℕ :=  sInf (egyptianLengths a b)def maxEgyptianLength (b : ℕ) : ℕ :=  (Finset.range b).sup (fun a => if 1 ≤ a then egyptianLength a b else 0)def IsOneExpansion {k : ℕ} (n : Fin k → ℕ) : Prop :=  (∀ i, 1 ≤ n i) ∧ StrictMono n ∧    (∑ i : Fin k, (1 : ℚ) / (n i : ℚ)) = 1def OneExpansions (k : ℕ) : Set (Fin k → ℕ) :=  {n | IsOneExpansion n}def F (k : ℕ) : ℕ :=  (OneExpansions k).ncarddef D (k : ℕ) : Set ℕ :=  {m | 2 ≤ m ∧ ∃ n : Fin k → ℕ,    IsOneExpansion n ∧ ∃ i : Fin k, n i = m}def missingDenominators (k : ℕ) : Set ℕ :=  {m : ℕ | 2 ≤ m} \ D kdef v (k : ℕ) : ℕ :=  sInf (missingDenominators k)def prescribedSlope (k : ℕ) : ℝ :=  Real.log (Real.log (v k : ℝ)) / (k : ℝ)theorem egyptian_length_is_minimum :    ∀ a b : ℕ, 1 ≤ a → a < b →  (∃ n : Fin (egyptianLength a b) → ℕ,    IsEgyptianExpansion ((a : ℚ) / (b : ℚ)) n) ∧  (∀ k : ℕ, (∃ n : Fin k → ℕ,    IsEgyptianExpansion ((a : ℚ) / (b : ℚ)) n) →    egyptianLength a b ≤ k) := by  sorrytheorem main_double_log_order :    ∃ c1 c2 : ℝ, 0 < c1 ∧ 0 < c2 ∧ ∃ b0 : ℕ,  ∀ b : ℕ, b0 ≤ b →    c1 * Real.log (Real.log (b : ℝ)) ≤ (maxEgyptianLength b : ℝ) ∧    (maxEgyptianLength b : ℝ) ≤ c2 * Real.log (Real.log (b : ℝ)) := by  sorrytheorem one_expansions_finite_and_bounded :    (∀ k : ℕ, Set.Finite (OneExpansions k) ∧    F k ≤ k ^ (2 ^ k - 1)) ∧  (∀ k : ℕ, ∀ n : Fin k → ℕ, IsOneExpansion n →    ∀ i : Fin k, n i ≤ k ^ (2 ^ i.val)) := by  sorrytheorem counting_double_log_order :    ∃ c C : ℝ, 0 < c ∧ 0 < C ∧ ∃ k0 : ℕ,  ∀ k : ℕ, k0 ≤ k →    c * (k : ℝ) ≤ Real.log (Real.log (F k : ℝ)) ∧    Real.log (Real.log (F k : ℝ)) ≤ C * (k : ℝ) := by  sorrytheorem exact_marker_padding :    ∀ r : ℕ, 3 ≤ r → ∀ n : Fin r → ℕ, IsOneExpansion n →  ∀ m : ℕ, (∃ i : Fin r, n i = m) →    ∃ n' : Fin (r + 1) → ℕ,      IsOneExpansion n' ∧ ∃ i : Fin (r + 1), n' i = m := by  sorrytheorem every_exact_marker_occurs :    ∀ m : ℕ, 2 ≤ m → ∃ k : ℕ, m ∈ D k := by  sorrytheorem quantitative_marked_length :    ∀ ε : ℝ, 0 < ε → ∃ mε : ℕ, 2 ≤ mε ∧  ∀ m : ℕ, mε ≤ m →    ∃ k : ℕ, ∃ n : Fin k → ℕ,      IsOneExpansion n ∧      (∃ i : Fin k, n i = m) ∧      (k : ℝ) ≤ (257 / Real.log 2 + ε) * Real.log (Real.log (m : ℝ)) := by  sorrytheorem missing_denominator_semantics :    ∀ k : ℕ,  Set.Finite (D k) ∧  (∃ m : ℕ, m ∈ missingDenominators k) ∧  2 ≤ v k ∧ v k ∉ D k ∧  (∀ m : ℕ, 2 ≤ m → m < v k → m ∈ D k) ∧  (1 ≤ k → v k ≤ 1 + k ^ (2 ^ (k - 1))) := by  sorrytheorem prescribed_denominator_corollary :    (∃ k0 : ℕ, ∀ k : ℕ, k0 ≤ k →    Real.exp (Real.exp ((k : ℝ) / 600)) ≤ (v k : ℝ) ∧    v k ≤ 1 + k ^ (2 ^ (k - 1))) ∧  (Real.log 2 / 257 ≤ Filter.liminf prescribedSlope Filter.atTop ∧    Filter.liminf prescribedSlope Filter.atTop ≤      Filter.limsup prescribedSlope Filter.atTop ∧    Filter.limsup prescribedSlope Filter.atTop ≤ Real.log 2) ∧  (∀ c : ℝ, c < Real.log 2 / 257 → ∃ k0 : ℕ,    ∀ k : ℕ, k0 ≤ k →      Real.exp (Real.exp (c * (k : ℝ))) ≤ (v k : ℝ)) := by  sorryend Problem337endend OAI

Every extracted statement of the accompanying papers

The statements the atlas extracted automatically from each accompanying paper’s TeX source, with links to the full sources.

Short Egyptian fractions

Theorem

There are absolute constants c_1,c_2>0 and b_0 such that, for every integer b\ge b_0,

c_1\log\log b\le N(b)\le c_2\log\log b.

In particular, the upper bound holds for every integer numerator 1\le a<b.

Section 1, Introduction Read it in the paper TeX source, line 16

Show the TeX

There are absolute constants $c_1,c_2>0$ and $b_0$ such that, for every
integer $b\ge b_0$,
\[
 c_1\log\log b\le N(b)\le c_2\log\log b.
\]
In particular, the upper bound holds for every integer numerator
$1\le a<b$.

Corollary

There are absolute constants c,C>0 and k_0 such that, for every integer k\ge k_0,

ck\le\log\log F(k)\le Ck.

Section 1, Introduction Read it in the paper TeX source, line 64

Show the TeX

There are absolute constants $c,C>0$ and $k_0$ such that, for every
integer $k\ge k_0$,
\[
 ck\le\log\log F(k)\le Ck.
\]

Corollary

For every sufficiently large integer k,

\exp\bigl(\exp(k/600)\bigr)\le v(k)\le1+k^{2^{k-1}}.

More precisely,

\frac{\log2}{257} \le\liminf_{k\to\infty}\frac{\log\log v(k)}k \le\limsup_{k\to\infty}\frac{\log\log v(k)}k \le\log2.

Equivalently for the lower bound, every fixed c<\log2/257 satisfies v(k)\ge\exp(\exp(ck)) for every sufficiently large integer k. In particular \log\log v(k)=\Theta(k).

Section 1, Introduction Read it in the paper TeX source, line 102

Show the TeX

For every sufficiently large integer $k$,
\[
 \exp\bigl(\exp(k/600)\bigr)\le v(k)\le1+k^{2^{k-1}}.
\]
More precisely,
\[
 \frac{\log2}{257}
 \le\liminf_{k\to\infty}\frac{\log\log v(k)}k
 \le\limsup_{k\to\infty}\frac{\log\log v(k)}k
 \le\log2.
\]
Equivalently for the lower bound, every fixed $c<\log2/257$ satisfies
$v(k)\ge\exp(\exp(ck))$ for every sufficiently large integer $k$.
In particular $\log\log v(k)=\Theta(k)$.

Configuration and file facts

File: lean/ComparatorChallenges/EgyptianFractions.lean
OpenAI’s Lean catalogue: OpenAI lists this as a main result in its Lean catalogue.
Solution module: OAI/NumberTheory/EgyptianFractions/Main.lean, OAI/NumberTheory/EgyptianFractions/Main.lean, OAI/NumberTheory/EgyptianFractions/Main.lean
Allowed axioms: propext, Quot.sound, Classical.choiceThe axioms this configuration allows a proof to use. A replay shows which of them a proof uses.
Imports: Mathlib
Imports from outside Mathlib: None
Local vocabulary: 11 local vocabulary declarations
Lines of Lean, without comments or blank lines: 89
Second proof-verification program (nanoda): Off in OpenAI's configuration.

A shareable summary of this page: the proposed paper match, what the Lean statement expresses, and which reviews are recorded.

Plectis Atlas