Lean statement

Sharp logarithmic exponent for fixed off-diagonal Ramsey numbers

Lean is a language for mathematical statements and proofs that a computer can verify. This page shows one statement file from OpenAI’s release, possible paper matches and independent reports. The code-like names below identify the definitions or theorems selected by the proof-verification settings.

Theorem selected for verification: OAI.SharpLogRamsey.main

Lean statement file: SharpLogRamsey.leanShow on the mapOpenAI’s Lean catalogue does not list this as a main result; the release’s Lean notes for family 170 link it.

See the candidate theorem Who ran the proof-verification program Report a comparison with the paper (GitHub issue)

The Lean statement

The lines of the Lean statement that state the theorem, then the definitions in the file that it uses.

theorem main (s : ℕ) (hs : 6 ≤ s) : MainBounds s ∧ MainLimit s := by  sorry

A Lean statement states the theorem and leaves its proof as sorry on purpose. OpenAI’s proof is in a separate solution module, and a program called Comparator checks that proof against this statement.

Definitions needed to read it

Local definitions the statement names, followed through the definitions they name in turn. The match is by name in the source text, so a name reached only through notation can be missed; the full file is below.

definition OAI.SharpLogRamsey.RamseyProperty line 8

def RamseyProperty (s t N : ℕ) : Prop :=  ∀ G : SimpleGraph (Fin N),    (∃ A : Finset (Fin N), G.IsNClique s A) ∨    (∃ B : Finset (Fin N), Gᶜ.IsNClique t B)

definition OAI.SharpLogRamsey.ramsey line 13

noncomputable def ramsey (s t : ℕ) : ℕ := sInf {N | RamseyProperty s t N}

definition OAI.SharpLogRamsey.MainBounds line 16

def MainBounds (s : ℕ) : Prop :=  ∃ C : ℝ, 0 < C ∧ ∀ ε : ℝ, 0 < ε →    ∃ t₀ : ℕ, ∀ t : ℕ, t₀ ≤ t →      (t : ℝ) ^ (s - 1) / Real.rpow (Real.log (t : ℝ)) ((s - 2 : ℕ) + ε)        ≤ (ramsey s t : ℝ) ∧      (ramsey s t : ℝ) ≤ C * (t : ℝ) ^ (s - 1) /        (Real.log (t : ℝ)) ^ (s - 2)

definition OAI.SharpLogRamsey.MainLimit line 25

def MainLimit (s : ℕ) : Prop :=  Filter.Tendsto    (fun t : ℕ =>      (((s - 1 : ℕ) : ℝ) * Real.log (t : ℝ) - Real.log (ramsey s t : ℝ)) /        Real.log (Real.log (t : ℝ)))    Filter.atTop (nhds ((s - 2 : ℕ) : ℝ))

Possible paper match, with no recorded review

No paper statement clearly matched the Lean wording. Statement Map, the program that collects Atlas’s source records, selected this possible match using words in OpenAI’s catalogue and Lean note. No review of whether the statements mean the same thing is recorded.

Shared with the catalogue’s wording or OpenAI’s note, none of them matched in the Lean text: constant, fixed and integer.

Statements in Sharp logarithmic exponents for fixed off-diagonal Ramsey numbers come first because the release’s name for this Lean statement shares words with that paper’s title.

Theorem 1.1 of Sharp logarithmic exponents for fixed off-diagonal Ramsey numbers

Theorem

For every fixed integer s\ge6 there is a constant C_s>0 such that, for every \varepsilon>0 and every sufficiently large integer t,

\frac{t^{s-1}}{(\log t)^{s-2+\varepsilon}} \le r(s,t) \le C_s\frac{t^{s-1}}{(\log t)^{s-2}}.

In particular,

\lim_{t\to\infty} \frac{(s-1)\log t-\log r(s,t)}{\log\log t}=s-2.

Section 1, Introduction Read it in the paper TeX source, line 10

Show the TeX

For every fixed integer $s\ge6$ there is a constant $C_s>0$ such that,
for every $\varepsilon>0$ and every sufficiently large integer $t$,
\[
 \frac{t^{s-1}}{(\log t)^{s-2+\varepsilon}}
 \le r(s,t)
 \le C_s\frac{t^{s-1}}{(\log t)^{s-2}}.
\]
In particular,
\[
 \lim_{t\to\infty}
 \frac{(s-1)\log t-\log r(s,t)}{\log\log t}=s-2.
\]

Other possible paper matches, closest wording first

Proposition 7.3 of Sharp logarithmic exponents for fixed off-diagonal Ramsey numbers. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: upper, ramsey, integers, log and constant.
Theorem 1.2 of Sharp logarithmic exponents for fixed off-diagonal Ramsey numbers. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: real, graph, integer and log. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: number.
Proposition 3.5 of Sharp logarithmic exponents for fixed off-diagonal Ramsey numbers. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: size, ordered and bounds. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: proves.
Theorem 1.1 of The sharp logarithmic exponent of r(5,t). Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: integers, log and constant. Found in the paper’s title, which its main theorem states: logarithmic and exponent. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: varepsilon.
Proposition 5.5 of Sharp logarithmic exponents for fixed off-diagonal Ramsey numbers. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: limits and constants.
Theorem 6.5 of The sharp logarithmic exponent of r(5,t). Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: graph, ordered and log. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: number.

How Atlas selects possible matches: it compares words in the Lean statement with every statement in the family. It also splits Lean names into words. The release’s label and note receive less weight; a main theorem wins a close match. If the Lean wording yields no clear match, Atlas uses the catalogue description. This selects passages to compare; it does not establish that they mean the same thing.

Reported Comparator runs

two independent groups report that Comparator accepted runs for this Lean statement file: Carlos Toledo’s cert-machine; MathVet. Each group reports its own Comparator run for this statement file. Atlas has not repeated the runs.

For a configured theorem, Comparator tests whether OpenAI’s proof proves the exact Lean statement. Some files instead configure definitions for comparison by name and type. Acceptance does not establish that the statement means the same thing as the paper’s theorem.

Carlos Toledo’s cert-machine

How they ran it, in their words

Every Comparator challenge re-run on Linux with nanoda switched on, decided by a preregistered rule; every family’s challenge statements read against OpenAI’s headline, clause by clause. Decider: Comparator (leanprover/comparator d03acab1 = tag v4.34.0, built with the release’s toolchain v4.34.1), lean4export 076e8e57, landrun 811cfff5, nanoda_lib 3a240721 — on GitHub’s Linux runners (.github/workflows/openai-math-kernel.yml), one j…

Accepted Their term: “CERTIFIED”.
Re-run through Comparator with the independent nanoda kernel switched on: Lean’s kernel and nanoda both accept OpenAI’s solution.
Reported 10 October 2026, at the release version shown here. Original verification report

MathVet

How they ran it, in their words

An independent, model-assisted, pre-referee reading of each family’s challenge statements against its headline claim under a published rubric (PROTOCOL.md), with its own Comparator runs per challenge. Its protocol describes a planned error-rate study; this import does not establish that the study has been completed.

Accepted Their term: “comparator-sandboxed-pass”.
Re-run through Comparator in a sandboxed virtual machine: accepted.
Reported 8 October 2026, at the release version shown here. Original verification report

What an accepted Comparator run would establish

If Comparator is run under this configuration and accepts, the solution proves the configured theorem using only the allowed axioms, and the Lean kernel accepts every step.

This configuration lists no definition holes, so every definition the statement uses is compared as it is written in this file.

Allowed axioms: propext, Quot.sound, Classical.choice

Acceptance leaves open whether the Lean statement means the same thing as the paper’s theorem, whether the paper’s other claims are correct, and whether the result is new. Those questions require comparing the definitions and statements, reviewing the paper’s arguments, and reading the earlier literature.

Do family 170’s Lean statements express the advertised result?

These assessments compare all the family’s Lean statements with the whole result OpenAI describes in its catalogue. They do not assess this statement alone. Each group uses its own published rules.

MathVet and cert-machine agree on how much of the advertised result the Lean statements express.

MathVet
Finds the whole advertised result stated or implied Their term: “full”.
The challenge statements imply the headline claim after unpacking definitions or one routine step. Their record
Their note: RamseyFive.main : SharpBounds ∧ SharpExponent covers s=5 (lower t^4/(log t)^(3+ε), upper C t^4/(log t)^3, and (4 log t - log r(5,t))/log log t -> 3); SharpLogRamsey.main (s) (hs : 6 ≤ s) : MainBounds s ∧ MainLimit s covers every s >= 6, so together all s >= 5. r(s,t) = sInf {n | ∀ G : SimpleGraph (Fin n), K_s ∨ independent t-set} with Mathlib IsNClique/IsNIndepSet, standard.
Carlos Toledo’s cert-machine
Finds the whole advertised result stated or implied Their term: “MATCHES”.
The challenge statements state the headline as OpenAI wrote it. Their record

Read the complete assessments on the family page.

OpenAI’s own note on what this Lean statement covers

“It proves $r(s,t)=t^{s-1}/(\log t)^{s-2+o(1)}$ as $t\to\infty$. More explicitly, for each $\varepsilon>0$ the lower bound $t^{s-1}/(\log t)^{s-2+\varepsilon}$ holds eventually, while the upper bound is $C_s t^{s-1}/(\log t)^{s-2}$. The logarithmic exponent limit is taken along all natural values of $t$.”
Quoted from OpenAI’s Lean note for this family

An AI agent drafted an interpretation of that note, classifying this statement as “states a paper’s theorem as the paper does”. No human review of the draft is recorded.

Supporting material

The complete Lean statement file

37 lines, copied from release version fd4aeeb. A name defined in this file links to its line; pointing at the name shows its definition.

Declared in this fileOpenAI’s library at fd4aeebOther linked names open the current documentation for Mathlib, Lean’s mathematical library.

Links in the file: 6 to its own declarations, 17 to Mathlib’s documentation. 5 declared names also link to the same declaration in OpenAI’s library. OpenAI uses Mathlib version d13f23b. The linked documentation describes the current version, so names that have since changed may be missing there.

Definitions and lemmas named by the statement

If Comparator accepts a proof, it proves main exactly as written here. To compare that statement with the paper, also read the definitions and lemmas listed below. Atlas found them by following names in the source text and lists each after the names it uses. For x.foo, Atlas includes every foo defined here for a type, even when the statement may use only one of them.

It reaches all 4 other declarations of the file; with the theorem itself they span 20 lines. 2 of them are named in the statement itself.

Names in the namespace OAI.SharpLogRamsey are listed without it.

def RamseyPropertyline 8library
def ramseyline 13library
def MainBoundsline 16in the statementlibrary
def MainLimitline 25in the statementlibrary
theorem mainline 32selected theoremlibrary

import Mathlibnamespace OAInamespace SharpLogRamsey/-- Every graph has an s-clique or an independent set of size t. -/def RamseyProperty (s t N : ℕ) : Prop :=  ∀ G : SimpleGraph (Fin N),    (∃ A : Finset (Fin N), G.IsNClique s A) ∨    (∃ B : Finset (Fin N), Gᶜ.IsNClique t B)noncomputable def ramsey (s t : ℕ) : ℕ := sInf {N | RamseyProperty s t N}/-- The upper-bound constant is chosen independently of epsilon. -/def MainBounds (s : ℕ) : Prop :=  ∃ C : ℝ, 0 < C ∧ ∀ ε : ℝ, 0 < ε →    ∃ t₀ : ℕ, ∀ t : ℕ, t₀ ≤ t →      (t : ℝ) ^ (s - 1) / Real.rpow (Real.log (t : ℝ)) ((s - 2 : ℕ) + ε)        ≤ (ramsey s t : ℝ) ∧      (ramsey s t : ℝ) ≤ C * (t : ℝ) ^ (s - 1) /        (Real.log (t : ℝ)) ^ (s - 2)/-- The logarithmic exponent converges along all natural orders. -/def MainLimit (s : ℕ) : Prop :=  Filter.Tendsto    (fun t : ℕ =>      (((s - 1 : ℕ) : ℝ) * Real.log (t : ℝ) - Real.log (ramsey s t : ℝ)) /        Real.log (Real.log (t : ℝ)))    Filter.atTop (nhds ((s - 2 : ℕ) : ℝ))theorem main (s : ℕ) (hs : 6 ≤ s) : MainBounds s ∧ MainLimit s := by  sorryend SharpLogRamseyend OAI

Every extracted statement of the accompanying papers

The statements the atlas extracted automatically from each accompanying paper’s TeX source, with links to the full sources.

The sharp logarithmic exponent of r(5,t)

Theorem

There is an absolute constant C>0 such that, for every \varepsilon>0, all sufficiently large integers t satisfy

\frac{t^4}{(\log t)^{3+\varepsilon}} \ \le\ r(5,t)\ \le\ C\frac{t^4}{(\log t)^3}.

The threshold for t may depend on \varepsilon. Consequently,

\lim_{t\to\infty} \frac{4\log t-\log r(5,t)}{\log\log t}=3.

Section 1, Introduction Read it in the paper TeX source, line 11

Show the TeX

There is an absolute constant \(C>0\) such that, for every
\(\varepsilon>0\), all sufficiently large integers \(t\) satisfy
\[
 \frac{t^4}{(\log t)^{3+\varepsilon}}
 \ \le\ r(5,t)\ \le\
 C\frac{t^4}{(\log t)^3}.
\]
The threshold for \(t\) may depend on \(\varepsilon\).
Consequently,
\[
 \lim_{t\to\infty}
 \frac{4\log t-\log r(5,t)}{\log\log t}=3.
\]

Sharp logarithmic exponents for fixed off-diagonal Ramsey numbers

Theorem

For every fixed integer s\ge6 there is a constant C_s>0 such that, for every \varepsilon>0 and every sufficiently large integer t,

\frac{t^{s-1}}{(\log t)^{s-2+\varepsilon}} \le r(s,t) \le C_s\frac{t^{s-1}}{(\log t)^{s-2}}.

In particular,

\lim_{t\to\infty} \frac{(s-1)\log t-\log r(s,t)}{\log\log t}=s-2.

Section 1, Introduction Read it in the paper TeX source, line 10

Show the TeX

For every fixed integer $s\ge6$ there is a constant $C_s>0$ such that,
for every $\varepsilon>0$ and every sufficiently large integer $t$,
\[
 \frac{t^{s-1}}{(\log t)^{s-2+\varepsilon}}
 \le r(s,t)
 \le C_s\frac{t^{s-1}}{(\log t)^{s-2}}.
\]
In particular,
\[
 \lim_{t\to\infty}
 \frac{(s-1)\log t-\log r(s,t)}{\log\log t}=s-2.
\]

Theorem

Fix an integer d\ge5 and a real number 0<\eta<1/10. For every sufficiently large prime q, with \sigma=\log q, there is a graph G such that

|V(G)|=\lfloor q^d\sigma\rfloor,\qquad K_{d+1}\not\subseteq G,\qquad \alpha(G)<\lfloor q\sigma^{1+\eta}\rfloor.

Section 1, Introduction Read it in the paper TeX source, line 114

Show the TeX

Fix an integer $d\ge5$ and a real number $0<\eta<1/10$.
For every sufficiently large prime $q$, with $\sigma=\log q$, there is
a graph $G$ such that
\[
 |V(G)|=\lfloor q^d\sigma\rfloor,\qquad
 K_{d+1}\not\subseteq G,\qquad
 \alpha(G)<\lfloor q\sigma^{1+\eta}\rfloor.
\]

Configuration and file facts

File: lean/ComparatorChallenges/SharpLogRamsey.lean
OpenAI’s Lean catalogue: OpenAI’s Lean catalogue does not list this as a main result; the release’s Lean notes for family 170 link it.
Solution module: OAI.Combinatorics.SharpRamsey.Main
Allowed axioms: propext, Quot.sound, Classical.choiceThe axioms this configuration allows a proof to use. A replay shows which of them a proof uses.
Imports: Mathlib
Imports from outside Mathlib: None
Local vocabulary: 4 local vocabulary declarations
Lines of Lean, without comments or blank lines: 20
Second proof-verification program (nanoda): Off in OpenAI's configuration.

A shareable summary of this page: the proposed paper match, what the Lean statement expresses, and which reviews are recorded.

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