Arbitrarily large counterexamples to Hadwiger’s conjecture
Lean is a language for mathematical statements and proofs that a computer can verify. This page shows one statement file from OpenAI’s release, possible paper matches and independent reports. The code-like names below identify the definitions or theorems selected by the proof-verification settings.
Arbitrarily large counterexamples to Hadwiger's conjecture
Theorems selected for verification:OAI.HadwigerCounterexample.exists_counterexamplesOAI.HadwigerCounterexample.not_hadwiger_conjecture
A Lean statement states the theorem and leaves its proof as sorry on purpose. OpenAI’s proof is in a separate solution module, and a program called Comparator checks that proof against this statement.
Definitions needed to read it
Local definitions the statement names, followed through the definitions they name in turn. The match is by name in the source text, so a name reached only through notation can be missed; the full file is below.
defIsTouchingMatching (G : SimpleGraph V) (M : Finset (Finset V)) : Prop := (∀ e ∈ M, e.card = 2 ∧ G.IsClique (e : Set V)) ∧ (∀ e ∈ M, ∀ f ∈ M, e ≠ f → Disjoint e f) ∧ (∀ e ∈ M, ∀ f ∈ M, e ≠ f → ∃ v ∈ e, ∃ w ∈ f, G.Adj v w)
defHasCliqueMinor {V : Type} (G : SimpleGraph V) (t : ℕ) : Prop := ∃ B : Fin t → Set V, (∀ i, (G.induce (B i)).Connected) ∧ (∀ i j, i ≠ j → Disjoint (B i) (B j)) ∧ (∀ i j, i ≠ j → ∃ v ∈ B i, ∃ w ∈ B j, G.Adj v w)
Possible paper matches for the parts of the Lean statement
Atlas selected possible matches by comparing words in each part of the Lean statement with every statement in the family. No review of whether the statements mean the same thing is recorded.
Statements in A counterexample to Hadwiger’s conjecture come first because the release’s name for this Lean statement shares words with that paper’s title.
The Lean statement joins several assertions with “and”. Atlas selected possible matches to two paper results from their shared wording, listed below. This does not establish that their mathematical meanings agree.
Corollary 1.2 of A counterexample to Hadwiger’s conjecture
Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: 26m/75, 2/3, m/2, conjecture, hadwigers, simple and graphs. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: fractional, arbitrarily and large.
Corollary
There are finite nonempty simple graphs G of arbitrarily large order m for which
There are finite nonempty simple graphs \(G\) of arbitrarily large
order \(m\) for which
\[
h(G)<\frac{26m}{75}+\frac23
<\frac m2\le\chi_f(G)\le\chi(G).
\]
Thus Hadwiger's conjecture and its fractional-coloring weakening
\(\chi_f(G)\le h(G)\) are false.
Theorem 1.1 of A counterexample to Hadwiger’s conjecture
Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: m/100, simple, integers and graph. Found in the paper’s title, which its main theorem states: counterexample, conjecture and hadwigers. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: arbitrarily and large.
Theorem
There are arbitrarily large integers m for which an m-vertex finite simple graph G satisfies
There are arbitrarily large integers \(m\) for which an \(m\)-vertex
finite simple graph \(G\) satisfies
\[
\alpha(G)\le2
\qquad\text{and}\qquad
\cm(G)<\frac{m}{100}.
\]
Other possible paper matches, closest wording first
Proposition 3.5 of A counterexample to Hadwiger’s conjecture. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: 2/3, 26m/75, m/2, m/100 and graph.
Theorem 1.1 of A counterexample to the Colin de Verdière chromatic conjecture. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: chromatic, conjecture and graphs. Found in the paper’s title, which its main theorem states: counterexample. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: re, de, colin, verdi, arbitrarily and large.
Theorem 1.1 of A linear list-coloring bound in terms of the Hadwiger number. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: simple, integer and graph. Found in the paper’s title, which its main theorem states: hadwiger and number.
Theorem 2.2 of A linear list-coloring bound in terms of the Hadwiger number. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: chromatic, connected and integer. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: ordinary.
Theorem 3.1 of A counterexample to the Colin de Verdière chromatic conjecture. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: clique, natural, matching, integer and graph.
Corollary 1.4 of A counterexample to the Colin de Verdière chromatic conjecture. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: hadwiger, simple, integer and graph.
How Atlas selects possible matches: it compares words in the Lean statement with every statement in the family. It also splits Lean names into words. The release’s label and note receive less weight; a main theorem wins a close match. If the Lean wording yields no clear match, Atlas uses the catalogue description. This selects passages to compare; it does not establish that they mean the same thing.
Reported Comparator runs
two independent groups report that Comparator accepted runs for this Lean statement file: Carlos Toledo’s cert-machine; MathVet. Each group reports its own Comparator run for this statement file. Atlas has not repeated the runs.
For a configured theorem, Comparator tests whether OpenAI’s proof proves the exact Lean statement. Some files instead configure definitions for comparison by name and type. Acceptance does not establish that the statement means the same thing as the paper’s theorem.
Every Comparator challenge re-run on Linux with nanoda switched on, decided by a preregistered rule; every family’s challenge statements read against OpenAI’s headline, clause by clause. Decider: Comparator (leanprover/comparator d03acab1 = tag v4.34.0, built with the release’s toolchain v4.34.1), lean4export 076e8e57, landrun 811cfff5, nanoda_lib 3a240721 — on GitHub’s Linux runners (.github/workflows/openai-math-kernel.yml), one j…
AcceptedTheir term: “CERTIFIED”.
Re-run through Comparator with the independent nanoda kernel switched on: Lean’s kernel and nanoda both accept OpenAI’s solution.
An independent, model-assisted, pre-referee reading of each family’s challenge statements against its headline claim under a published rubric (PROTOCOL.md), with its own Comparator runs per challenge. Its protocol describes a planned error-rate study; this import does not establish that the study has been completed.
AcceptedTheir term: “comparator-sandboxed-pass”.
Re-run through Comparator in a sandboxed virtual machine: accepted.
If Comparator is run under this configuration and accepts, the solution proves the configured theorem using only the allowed axioms, and the Lean kernel accepts every step.
This configuration lists no definition holes, so every definition the statement uses is compared as it is written in this file.
Acceptance leaves open whether the Lean statement means the same thing as the paper’s theorem, whether the paper’s other claims are correct, and whether the result is new. Those questions require comparing the definitions and statements, reviewing the paper’s arguments, and reading the earlier literature.
Do family 157’s Lean statements express the advertised result?
These assessments compare all the family’s Lean statements with the whole result OpenAI describes in its catalogue. They do not assess this statement alone. Each group uses its own published rules.
Neither group finds that the Lean statements express or imply the whole advertised result. They describe what the statements express in different terms.
Finds part of it stated, or a narrower or weaker statementTheir term: “partial”.
Only a special case is stated, or a co-equal headline claim has no challenge statement. Their record
Their note: HadwigerCounterexample states, for every M, a graph on Fin m with m >= max M 5, indepNum <= 2 and h(G) < 26m/75+2/3 < m/2 <= chi(G); the first-named claim follows by the routine bound chi_f(G) >= |V(G)|/alpha(G) >= m/2 (sum the vertex constraints of a fractional colouring; the paper does exactly this at 01-introduction.tex:58-67), although chi_f itself is not defined in the Lean. The summary's co-equal second claim ('Also disproves' the fractional Colin de Verdiere bound chi_f(G) <= mu(G)+1, the subject of a separate paper with a separate matrix-rank argument) has no challenge statement: no mu, well-signed matrix or Strong Arnold Property appears in either file. The positive list-colouring claim is stated verbatim by ListHadwiger.
Definitions the group asks readers to compare with the paper: HasCliqueMinor: t branch sets B : Fin t -> Set V, each nonempty and connected in G.induce (Mathlib's Connected includes Nonempty), pairwise disjoint and pairwise joined by an edge; the standard K_t-minor definition ; hadwigerNumber: sSup {t | HasCliqueMinor G t}, the largest clique-minor order h(G); the set is bounded by |V| for the finite V used (Fin m, Fintype V), so sSup is a true max; standard ; IsTouchingMatching / connectedMatchingNumber: sets of 2-element cliques (edges), pairwise disjoint and pairwise joined by an edge between their endpoint sets, maximised via sSup; the paper's 'connected matching' (cm), standard for this paper ; listChromaticNumber: sInf {k | Choosable G k} with Choosable quantifying over every Color : Type and every list assignment of size >= k; the standard list chromatic number for finite G (set contains |V|, so sInf is the true minimum); junk value 0 for infinite G is excluded by [Fintype V] in MainStatement ; MainStatement: a Prop-valued def, the type of main_theorem; exists C : N with 1 <= C chosen before V and G, so C is universal; [Fintype V] [Nonempty V] restrict to finite nonempty graphs as in the paper; standard ; G.indepNum and G.chromaticNumber (Mathlib): standard; the statement adds chromaticNumber != top and chromaticNumber = ofNat(toNat) so the toNat casts are faithful ; chi_f (fractional chromatic number): not defined anywhere in the Lean (Mathlib at the pinned revision has no such definition); the fractional form of the primary claim is recovered only outside Lean from alpha <= 2 and chi_f >= |V|/alpha
Finds part of it stated, or a narrower or weaker statementTheir term: “NARROWER — DECLARED”.
The challenge statements state less than the headline, and OpenAI’s Lean note says so. Their record
Their note: The Colin de Verdière clause is not stated. The fractional clause is not stated as such (no χ_f), though it follows from the stated α ≤ 2 and h < m/2.
OpenAI’s own note on what this Lean statement covers
“This disproves the ordinary chromatic form. The paper's fractional-chromatic strengthening and the Colin de Verdière consequence are outside this selected statement.”
An AI agent drafted an interpretation of that note, classifying this statement as “states a consequence of a paper’s theorem”. No human review of the draft is recorded.
Supporting material
The complete Lean statement file
56 lines, copied from release version fd4aeeb. A name defined in this file links to its line; pointing at the name shows its definition.
Declared in this fileOpenAI’s library at fd4aeebOther linked names open the current documentation for Mathlib, Lean’s mathematical library.
Links in the file: 6 to its own declarations, 20 to Mathlib’s documentation. 6 declared names also link to the same declaration in OpenAI’s library. OpenAI uses Mathlib version d13f23b. The linked documentation describes the current version, so names that have since changed may be missing there.
import Mathlibnamespace OAInamespace HadwigerMatchinguniverse uvariable {V : Type u}defIsTouchingMatching (G : SimpleGraph V) (M : Finset (Finset V)) : Prop := (∀ e ∈ M, e.card = 2 ∧ G.IsClique (e : Set V)) ∧ (∀ e ∈ M, ∀ f ∈ M, e ≠ f → Disjoint e f) ∧ (∀ e ∈ M, ∀ f ∈ M, e ≠ f → ∃ v ∈ e, ∃ w ∈ f, G.Adj v w)noncomputabledefconnectedMatchingNumber (G : SimpleGraph V) : ℕ :=sSup {n : ℕ | ∃ M : Finset (Finset V), IsTouchingMatching G M ∧ M.card = n}end HadwigerMatchingnamespace LinearListHadwigerdefHasCliqueMinor {V : Type} (G : SimpleGraph V) (t : ℕ) : Prop := ∃ B : Fin t → Set V, (∀ i, (G.induce (B i)).Connected) ∧ (∀ i j, i ≠ j → Disjoint (B i) (B j)) ∧ (∀ i j, i ≠ j → ∃ v ∈ B i, ∃ w ∈ B j, G.Adj v w)noncomputabledefhadwigerNumber {V : Type} (G : SimpleGraph V) : ℕ :=sSup {t : ℕ | HasCliqueMinor G t}end LinearListHadwigernamespace HadwigerCounterexampleopen HadwigerMatching LinearListHadwigertheoremexists_counterexamples (M : ℕ) : ∃ m : ℕ, max M 5 ≤ m ∧ ∃ G : SimpleGraph (Fin m), G.indepNum ≤ 2 ∧ (connectedMatchingNumber G : ℚ) < (m : ℚ) / 100 ∧ (hadwigerNumber G : ℚ) < 26 * (m : ℚ) / 75 + 2 / 3 ∧26 * (m : ℚ) / 75 + 2 / 3 < (m : ℚ) / 2 ∧ (m : ℚ) / 2 ≤ (G.chromaticNumber.toNat : ℚ) ∧hadwigerNumber G < G.chromaticNumber.toNat ∧ G.chromaticNumber ≠ ⊤ ∧ G.chromaticNumber = ↑(G.chromaticNumber.toNat) := bysorrytheoremnot_hadwiger_conjecture : ¬ (∀ (m : ℕ) (G : SimpleGraph (Fin m)), G.chromaticNumber ≤ ↑(hadwigerNumber G)) := bysorryend HadwigerCounterexampleend OAI
Every extracted statement of the accompanying papers
The statements the atlas extracted automatically from each accompanying paper’s TeX source, with links to the full sources.
There are arbitrarily large integers \(m\) for which an \(m\)-vertex
finite simple graph \(G\) satisfies
\[
\alpha(G)\le2
\qquad\text{and}\qquad
\cm(G)<\frac{m}{100}.
\]
Corollary
There are finite nonempty simple graphs G of arbitrarily large order m for which
There are finite nonempty simple graphs \(G\) of arbitrarily large
order \(m\) for which
\[
h(G)<\frac{26m}{75}+\frac23
<\frac m2\le\chi_f(G)\le\chi(G).
\]
Thus Hadwiger's conjecture and its fractional-coloring weakening
\(\chi_f(G)\le h(G)\) are false.
A Lean statement states the theorem and leaves its proof as sorry on purpose. OpenAI’s proof is in a separate solution module, and a program called Comparator checks that proof against this statement.
Recorded comparisons with the paper
Atlas records no contributed comparison of this statement with the paper.
Contributed Comparator run reports
Atlas records no contributed report of running Comparator for this statement file.