Lean is a language for mathematical statements and proofs that a computer can verify. This page shows one statement file from OpenAI’s release, possible paper matches and independent reports. The code-like names below identify the definitions or theorems selected by the proof-verification settings.
Theorems selected for verification:OAI.Problem358.one_third_stabilityOAI.Problem358.one_third_exponent_is_sharp
Problem reported Reported as broken in the same way: its definitions are listed as holes, so a trivial replacement makes the checked statement vacuous. Alex Meiburg, Several of the comparator challenges in the OpenAI release are broken and hackable, 2026-10-08Source
The Lean statement
The lines of the Lean statement that state the theorem, then the definitions in the file that it uses.
theoremone_third_stability : ∀ (dimension : ℕ) (source container : Set (E dimension)),2 ≤ dimension → IsCompact source → Convex ℝ source → (interior source).Nonempty → IsCompact container → container.Nonempty → ∃ constant : ℝ, 0 ≤ constant ∧ ∀ (first second : Measure (E dimension)), IsProbabilityMeasure first → IsProbabilityMeasure second → IsSupported first container → IsSupported second container → ∃ firstMap secondMap : E dimension → E dimension, IsUniqueQuadraticOptimalMap (uniformMeasure source) first firstMap ∧ IsUniqueQuadraticOptimalMap (uniformMeasure source) second secondMap ∧ mapL2Dist (uniformMeasure source) firstMap secondMap ≤ constant * Real.rpow (wasserstein2 first second) (1 / 3 : ℝ) := bysorry⋮theoremone_third_exponent_is_sharp : ∀ (dimension : ℕ), 2 ≤ dimension → ∀ exponent : ℝ, (1 / 3 : ℝ) < exponent → ∀ constant : ℝ, 0 < constant → ∃ (first second : Measure (E dimension)) (firstMap secondMap : E dimension → E dimension), IsProbabilityMeasure first ∧ IsProbabilityMeasure second ∧ IsSupported first (cube dimension) ∧ IsSupported second (cube dimension) ∧ HasExactlyThreeAtoms first (cube dimension) ∧ HasExactlyThreeAtoms second (cube dimension) ∧ first ≠ second ∧ IsUniqueQuadraticOptimalMap (uniformMeasure (cube dimension)) first firstMap ∧ IsUniqueQuadraticOptimalMap (uniformMeasure (cube dimension)) second secondMap ∧0 < wasserstein2 first second ∧ constant * Real.rpow (wasserstein2 first second) exponent < mapL2Dist (uniformMeasure (cube dimension)) firstMap secondMap := bysorry
A Lean statement states the theorem and leaves its proof as sorry on purpose. OpenAI’s proof is in a separate solution module, and a program called Comparator checks that proof against this statement.
Definitions needed to read it
Local definitions the statement names, followed through the definitions they name in turn. The match is by name in the source text, so a name reached only through notation can be missed; the full file is below.
defgraphPlan {dimension : ℕ} (source : Measure (E dimension)) (transport : E dimension → E dimension) : Measure (E dimension × E dimension) := Measure.map (fun point => (point, transport point)) source
defIsQuadraticOptimalMap {dimension : ℕ} (source target : Measure (E dimension)) (transport : E dimension → E dimension) : Prop := Measurable transport ∧ Measure.map transport source = target ∧ ∀ plan : Measure (E dimension × E dimension), IsCoupling source target plan → quadraticPlanCost (graphPlan source transport) ≤ quadraticPlanCost plan
defIsUniqueQuadraticOptimalMap {dimension : ℕ} (source target : Measure (E dimension)) (transport : E dimension → E dimension) : Prop := IsQuadraticOptimalMap source target transport ∧ ∀ plan : Measure (E dimension × E dimension), IsCoupling source target plan → quadraticPlanCost plan ≤ quadraticPlanCost (graphPlan source transport) → plan = graphPlan source transport
defmapL2Dist {dimension : ℕ} (source : Measure (E dimension)) (first second : E dimension → E dimension) : ℝ := Real.sqrt (∫ point, ‖first point - second point‖ ^ 2 ∂source)
defHasExactlyThreeAtoms {dimension : ℕ} (measure : Measure (E dimension)) (container : Set (E dimension)) : Prop := ∃ atoms : Fin 3 → E dimension, Function.Injective atoms ∧ (∀ index, atoms index ∈ container) ∧ ∃ weights : Fin 3 → ℝ≥0∞, (∀ index, 0 < weights index) ∧ (∑ index, weights index) = 1 ∧ measure = ∑ index, weights index • Measure.dirac (atoms index)
Definitions taken from OpenAI’s library 12
Comparator compares only the name and type of each definition listed here. When a theorem is configured, its proof uses the definition in OpenAI’s solution library. Read that definition as well as the one in this file when comparing the statement with the paper.
Comparator checks the name and type of E; its definition is in OpenAI’s library, in the modules that OAI.Analysis.Brenier.Stability imports.
Comparator checks the name and type of uniformMeasure; its definition is in OpenAI’s library, in the modules that OAI.Analysis.Brenier.Stability imports.
Comparator checks the name and type of IsSupported; its definition is in OpenAI’s library, in the modules that OAI.Analysis.Brenier.Stability imports.
Comparator checks the name and type of IsCoupling; its definition is in OpenAI’s library, in the modules that OAI.Analysis.Brenier.Stability imports.
Comparator checks the name and type of quadraticPlanCost; its definition is in OpenAI’s library, in the modules that OAI.Analysis.Brenier.Stability imports.
Comparator checks the name and type of wasserstein2; its definition is in OpenAI’s library, in the modules that OAI.Analysis.Brenier.Stability imports.
Comparator checks the name and type of graphPlan; its definition is in OpenAI’s library, in the modules that OAI.Analysis.Brenier.Stability imports.
Comparator checks the name and type of IsQuadraticOptimalMap; its definition is in OpenAI’s library, in the modules that OAI.Analysis.Brenier.Stability imports.
Comparator checks the name and type of IsUniqueQuadraticOptimalMap; its definition is in OpenAI’s library, in the modules that OAI.Analysis.Brenier.Stability imports.
Comparator checks the name and type of mapL2Dist; its definition is in OpenAI’s library, in the modules that OAI.Analysis.Brenier.Stability imports.
Comparator checks the name and type of cube; its definition is in OpenAI’s library, in the modules that OAI.Analysis.Brenier.Stability imports.
Comparator checks the name and type of HasExactlyThreeAtoms; its definition is in OpenAI’s library, in the modules that OAI.Analysis.Brenier.Stability imports.
Possible paper match, with no recorded review
Atlas selected this possible match by comparing words in the Lean statement with every statement in the family. No review of whether the statements mean the same thing is recorded.
Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: exactly, constant, atoms, three, exponent, 1/3, targets and prob. Found in the paper’s title, which its main theorem states: one, third, sharp, stability and maps.
Theorem 1.1 of Sharp One-Third Stability of Brenier Maps
Theorem
For every K,Y as above there is a finite constant C(K,Y) such that
The targets may be atomic, singular, or absolutely continuous. The exponent 1/3 cannot be replaced by any larger exponent in general, even for K=Y=[-1,1]^d and targets with exactly three atoms.
For every \(K,Y\) as above there is a finite constant \(C(K,Y)\) such that
\[
\|T_\mu-T_\nu\|_{L^2(\rho)}
\le C(K,Y)\,W_2(\mu,\nu)^{1/3}
\qquad\bigl(\mu,\nu\in\Prob(Y)\bigr).
\]
The targets may be atomic, singular, or absolutely continuous. The
exponent \(1/3\) cannot be replaced by any larger exponent in general,
even for \(K=Y=[-1,1]^d\) and targets with exactly three atoms.
Other possible paper matches, closest wording first
Proposition 6.3 of Sharp One-Third Stability of Brenier Maps. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: quadratic, optimal, point, unique, map and prob.
Proposition 2.2 of Sharp One-Third Stability of Brenier Maps. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: exactly, atoms, three, exponent, 1/3, targets and one more.
Corollary 6.2 of Sharp One-Third Stability of Brenier Maps. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: sqrt, stability, supported, 1/3, target and probabilities.
Proposition 5.1 of Sharp One-Third Stability of Brenier Maps. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: convex, functions, sqrt, supported and probabilities.
Proposition 3.1 of Sharp One-Third Stability of Brenier Maps. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: graph, constant and maps.
Proposition 3.2 of Sharp One-Third Stability of Brenier Maps. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: weights, unique and function.
How Atlas selects possible matches: it compares words in the Lean statement with every statement in the family. It also splits Lean names into words. The release’s label and note receive less weight; a main theorem wins a close match. If the Lean wording yields no clear match, Atlas uses the catalogue description. This selects passages to compare; it does not establish that they mean the same thing.
Reported Comparator runs
two independent groups report that Comparator accepted runs for this Lean statement file: Carlos Toledo’s cert-machine; MathVet. Each group reports its own Comparator run for this statement file. Atlas has not repeated the runs.
For a configured theorem, Comparator tests whether OpenAI’s proof proves the exact Lean statement. Some files instead configure definitions for comparison by name and type. Acceptance does not establish that the statement means the same thing as the paper’s theorem.
Every Comparator challenge re-run on Linux with nanoda switched on, decided by a preregistered rule; every family’s challenge statements read against OpenAI’s headline, clause by clause. Decider: Comparator (leanprover/comparator d03acab1 = tag v4.34.0, built with the release’s toolchain v4.34.1), lean4export 076e8e57, landrun 811cfff5, nanoda_lib 3a240721 — on GitHub’s Linux runners (.github/workflows/openai-math-kernel.yml), one j…
AcceptedTheir term: “CERTIFIED”.
Re-run through Comparator with the independent nanoda kernel switched on: Lean’s kernel and nanoda both accept OpenAI’s solution.
An independent, model-assisted, pre-referee reading of each family’s challenge statements against its headline claim under a published rubric (PROTOCOL.md), with its own Comparator runs per challenge. Its protocol describes a planned error-rate study; this import does not establish that the study has been completed.
AcceptedTheir term: “comparator-sandboxed-pass”.
Re-run through Comparator in a sandboxed virtual machine: accepted.
If Comparator is run under this configuration and accepts, the solution proves the configured theorem using only the allowed axioms, and the Lean kernel accepts every step.
Definitions compared by name and type only (12): E, uniformMeasure, IsSupported, IsCoupling, quadraticPlanCost, wasserstein2, graphPlan, IsQuadraticOptimalMap, IsUniqueQuadraticOptimalMap, mapL2Dist, cube, HasExactlyThreeAtoms. Their bodies come from OpenAI’s solution library.
Acceptance leaves open whether the Lean statement means the same thing as the paper’s theorem, whether the paper’s other claims are correct, and whether the result is new. Those questions require comparing the definitions and statements, reviewing the paper’s arguments, and reading the earlier literature.
Do family 374’s Lean statements express the advertised result?
These assessments compare all the family’s Lean statements with the whole result OpenAI describes in its catalogue. They do not assess this statement alone. Each group uses its own published rules.
MathVet and cert-machine agree on how much of the advertised result the Lean statements express.
Finds the whole advertised result stated or impliedTheir term: “full”.
The challenge statements imply the headline claim after unpacking definitions or one routine step. Their record
Their note: All 12 definition_names were read: uniformMeasure ((vol S)⁻¹·vol|_S), IsCoupling, quadraticPlanCost (∫⁻ ofReal ‖x-y‖²), wasserstein2 (√ toReal sInf of coupling costs), graphPlan, IsQuadraticOptimalMap, IsUniqueQuadraticOptimalMap (optimal and every coupling of cost ≤ it equals the graph plan), mapL2Dist, cube, HasExactlyThreeAtoms, IsSupported, E; all standard. one_third_stability gives, for d ≥ 2, any compact convex source with interior and any compact nonempty container, one constant with ‖T_μ - T_ν‖_{L²(uniform)} ≤ C·W₂(μ,ν)^(1/3) for all probability targets in the container (unique optimal maps exist), and one_third_exponent_is_sharp shows for every exponent > 1/3 and constant, three-atom targets in the cube violate the bound (so the conjectured square root fails).
Definitions the group asks readers to compare with the paper: wasserstein2 and mapL2Dist use ENNReal.toReal/Bochner integrals (value 0 if infinite or non-integrable), harmless here because targets lie in a compact container so all quantities are finite
OpenAI’s own note on what this Lean statement covers
“The formalization proves one-third Hölder stability of Brenier maps from the uniform measure on a compact convex body with nonempty interior in $\mathbb R^d$, for every $d\ge2$. For targets supported in one fixed nonempty compact set, the $L^2$ distance between the unique quadratic optimal maps is at most a constant times the one-third power of the targets' $2$-Wasserstein distance. The constant is uniform over those targets.”
An AI agent drafted an interpretation of that note, classifying this statement as “states a paper’s theorem as the paper does”. No human review of the draft is recorded.
Supporting material
The complete Lean statement file
108 lines, copied from release version fd4aeeb. A name defined in this file links to its line; pointing at the name shows its definition.
Declared in this fileOpenAI’s library at fd4aeebOther linked names open the current documentation for Mathlib, Lean’s mathematical library.
Links in the file: 81 to its own declarations, 53 to Mathlib’s documentation. 14 declared names also link to the same declaration in OpenAI’s library. OpenAI uses Mathlib version d13f23b. The linked documentation describes the current version, so names that have since changed may be missing there.
The targets may be atomic, singular, or absolutely continuous. The exponent 1/3 cannot be replaced by any larger exponent in general, even for K=Y=[-1,1]^d and targets with exactly three atoms.
For every \(K,Y\) as above there is a finite constant \(C(K,Y)\) such that
\[
\|T_\mu-T_\nu\|_{L^2(\rho)}
\le C(K,Y)\,W_2(\mu,\nu)^{1/3}
\qquad\bigl(\mu,\nu\in\Prob(Y)\bigr).
\]
The targets may be atomic, singular, or absolutely continuous. The
exponent \(1/3\) cannot be replaced by any larger exponent in general,
even for \(K=Y=[-1,1]^d\) and targets with exactly three atoms.
The targets may be atomic, singular, or absolutely continuous. The exponent 1/3 cannot be replaced by any larger exponent in general, even for K=Y=[-1,1]^d and targets with exactly three atoms.
Sharp One-Third Stability of Brenier Maps
TeX label main:stability, build/source/sections/introduction.tex, line 31
The Lean statement says
theoremone_third_stability : ∀ (dimension : ℕ) (source container : Set (E dimension)),2 ≤ dimension → IsCompact source → Convex ℝ source → (interior source).Nonempty → IsCompact container → container.Nonempty → ∃ constant : ℝ, 0 ≤ constant ∧ ∀ (first second : Measure (E dimension)), IsProbabilityMeasure first → IsProbabilityMeasure second → IsSupported first container → IsSupported second container → ∃ firstMap secondMap : E dimension → E dimension, IsUniqueQuadraticOptimalMap (uniformMeasure source) first firstMap ∧ IsUniqueQuadraticOptimalMap (uniformMeasure source) second secondMap ∧ mapL2Dist (uniformMeasure source) firstMap secondMap ≤ constant * Real.rpow (wasserstein2 first second) (1 / 3 : ℝ) := bysorry⋮theoremone_third_exponent_is_sharp : ∀ (dimension : ℕ), 2 ≤ dimension → ∀ exponent : ℝ, (1 / 3 : ℝ) < exponent → ∀ constant : ℝ, 0 < constant → ∃ (first second : Measure (E dimension)) (firstMap secondMap : E dimension → E dimension),⋮
A Lean statement states the theorem and leaves its proof as sorry on purpose. OpenAI’s proof is in a separate solution module, and a program called Comparator checks that proof against this statement.
Comparator checks only the name and type of 12 definitions, among them E; their bodies come from the solution.
Recorded comparisons with the paper
Atlas records no contributed comparison of this statement with the paper.
Contributed Comparator run reports
Atlas records no contributed report of running Comparator for this statement file.
More about this statement
Commentary Wang and Wang describe OpenAI's Brenier-map result as proving the sharp one-third stability estimate for uniform sources on compact convex bodies, and prove complementary optimal exponents for other sources. Songbo Wang, Xiaozhen Wang, Quantitative stability of optimal transport via regularization, 2026-10-07Source
Commentary Han and Zhu note that OpenAI's example with three target atoms and a fixed cube as source disproves Conjecture 3 of Letrouit's 2026 paper and rules out W1 map exponents above 1/4. Bang-Xian Han, Zhuo-Nan Zhu, Stability of optimal transport on sub-Riemannian manifolds, 2026-10-07Source
Questions to resolve when comparing this statement with the paper
12 definition holes: Comparator compares these by name and type only, so a reader checks what each solution body means.