Lean statement

Asymptotically minimal Littlewood maximum

Lean is a language for mathematical statements and proofs that a computer can verify. This page shows one statement file from OpenAI’s release, possible paper matches and independent reports. The code-like names below identify the definitions or theorems selected by the proof-verification settings.

Theorem selected for verification: OAI.AsymptoticallyMinimalLittlewood.main

Lean statement file: AsymptoticallyMinimalLittlewood.leanShow on the mapFamily 076. OpenAI lists this as a main result in its Lean catalogue.

See the candidate theorem Who ran the proof-verification program Report a comparison with the paper (GitHub issue)

The Lean statement

The lines of the Lean statement that state the theorem, then the definitions in the file that it uses.

def MainStatement : Prop :=  ∀ η : ℝ, 0 < η → ∃ N₀ : ℕ, 1 ≤ N₀ ∧ ∀ N : ℕ, N₀ ≤ N →    ∃ ε : Fin N → ℝ, IsRealSigning ε ∧      ∀ z : ℂ, ‖z‖ = 1 → ‖littlewoodValue ε z‖ ≤ (1 + η) * Real.sqrt N⋮theorem main : MainStatement := by  sorry

A Lean statement states the theorem and leaves its proof as sorry on purpose. OpenAI’s proof is in a separate solution module, and a program called Comparator checks that proof against this statement.

Definitions needed to read it

Local definitions the statement names, followed through the definitions they name in turn. The match is by name in the source text, so a name reached only through notation can be missed; the full file is below.

definition OAI.AsymptoticallyMinimalLittlewood.littlewoodValue line 7

def littlewoodValue {N : ℕ} (ε : Fin N → ℝ) (z : ℂ) : ℂ :=  ∑ k : Fin N, (ε k : ℂ) * z ^ (k : ℕ)

definition OAI.AsymptoticallyMinimalLittlewood.IsRealSigning line 10

def IsRealSigning {N : ℕ} (ε : Fin N → ℝ) : Prop :=  ∀ k, ε k = -1 ∨ ε k = 1

Possible paper match, with no recorded review

Atlas selected this possible match by comparing words in the Lean statement with every statement in the family. No review of whether the statements mean the same thing is recorded.

Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: signs, littlewood, real, sqrt and integer. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: eta and polynomials.

Statements in Asymptotically minimal maxima of real Littlewood polynomials come first because the release lists only that paper for this Lean statement.

Theorem 1.1 of Asymptotically minimal maxima of real Littlewood polynomials

Theorem

For Littlewood polynomials with real coefficients,

\lim_{N\to\infty}m_N=1.

Equivalently, for every \eta>0 there is N_0 such that for every integer N\ge N_0 there are signs \varepsilon_0,\ldots,\varepsilon_{N-1} with

\max_{|z|=1}\left|\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}\varepsilon_kz^k\right| \le(1+\eta)\sqrt N.

Section 1, Introduction Read it in the paper TeX source, line 22

Show the TeX

For Littlewood polynomials with real coefficients,
\[
 \lim_{N\to\infty}m_N=1.
\]
Equivalently, for every $\eta>0$ there is $N_0$ such that for every integer
$N\ge N_0$ there are signs $\varepsilon_0,\ldots,\varepsilon_{N-1}$ with
\[
 \max_{|z|=1}\left|\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}\varepsilon_kz^k\right|
 \le(1+\eta)\sqrt N.
\]

Other possible paper matches, closest wording first

Theorem 1.1 of Nearly minimal maxima and positive minima of Littlewood polynomials. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: signs, real, sqrt and integer. Found in the paper’s title, which its main theorem states: littlewood. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: eta.
Corollary 7.1 of Asymptotically minimal maxima of real Littlewood polynomials. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: littlewood and sqrt. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: length and polynomials.
Theorem 1 of Ultraflat real Littlewood polynomials. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: signs, sqrt and integer. Found in the paper’s title, which its main theorem states: littlewood and real.
Proposition 4.1 of Asymptotically minimal maxima of real Littlewood polynomials. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: valued, real, sqrt and integers. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: polynomial.
Proposition 2.1 of Asymptotically minimal maxima of real Littlewood polynomials. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: sign, sqrt and integer.
Proposition 2.1 of Nearly minimal maxima and positive minima of Littlewood polynomials. Words of the Lean statement, its names split into words, that also appear in the theorem: valued, real, sqrt and integers. Shared only with the release’s name for the Lean statement or OpenAI’s note on it: polynomial.

How Atlas selects possible matches: it compares words in the Lean statement with every statement in the family. It also splits Lean names into words. The release’s label and note receive less weight; a main theorem wins a close match. If the Lean wording yields no clear match, Atlas uses the catalogue description. This selects passages to compare; it does not establish that they mean the same thing.

Reported Comparator runs

three independent groups report that Comparator accepted runs for this Lean statement file: Carlos Toledo’s cert-machine; MathVet; Neal McBurnett’s openai-math-lean-tooling. Each group reports its own Comparator run for this statement file. Atlas has not repeated the runs.

For a configured theorem, Comparator tests whether OpenAI’s proof proves the exact Lean statement. Some files instead configure definitions for comparison by name and type. Acceptance does not establish that the statement means the same thing as the paper’s theorem.

Carlos Toledo’s cert-machine

How they ran it, in their words

Every Comparator challenge re-run on Linux with nanoda switched on, decided by a preregistered rule; every family’s challenge statements read against OpenAI’s headline, clause by clause. Decider: Comparator (leanprover/comparator d03acab1 = tag v4.34.0, built with the release’s toolchain v4.34.1), lean4export 076e8e57, landrun 811cfff5, nanoda_lib 3a240721 — on GitHub’s Linux runners (.github/workflows/openai-math-kernel.yml), one j…

Accepted Their term: “CERTIFIED”.
Re-run through Comparator with the independent nanoda kernel switched on: Lean’s kernel and nanoda both accept OpenAI’s solution.
Reported 10 October 2026, at the release version shown here. Original verification report

MathVet

How they ran it, in their words

An independent, model-assisted, pre-referee reading of each family’s challenge statements against its headline claim under a published rubric (PROTOCOL.md), with its own Comparator runs per challenge. Its protocol describes a planned error-rate study; this import does not establish that the study has been completed.

Accepted Their term: “comparator-sandboxed-pass”.
Re-run through Comparator in a sandboxed virtual machine: accepted.
Reported 8 October 2026, at the release version shown here. Original verification report

Neal McBurnett’s openai-math-lean-tooling

How they ran it, in their words

Each challenge’s solution is built and checked by Comparator at the pinned release, on Lean leanprover/lean4:v4.34.1, recording the verdict, the check time and the peak memory; the run was still in progress at this snapshot (192 accepted, 224 pending).

Accepted Their term: “accepted”.
Re-run through Comparator with Lean’s kernel: accepted (the check took 172 s; peak memory 6.4 GiB).
Reported 10 October 2026, at the release version shown here. Original verification report

What an accepted Comparator run would establish

If Comparator is run under this configuration and accepts, the solution proves the configured theorem using only the allowed axioms, and the Lean kernel accepts every step.

This configuration lists no definition holes, so every definition the statement uses is compared as it is written in this file.

Allowed axioms: propext, Quot.sound, Classical.choice

Acceptance leaves open whether the Lean statement means the same thing as the paper’s theorem, whether the paper’s other claims are correct, and whether the result is new. Those questions require comparing the definitions and statements, reviewing the paper’s arguments, and reading the earlier literature.

Do family 076’s Lean statements express the advertised result?

These assessments compare all the family’s Lean statements with the whole result OpenAI describes in its catalogue. They do not assess this statement alone. Each group uses its own published rules.

Neither group finds that the Lean statements express or imply the whole advertised result. They describe what the statements express in different terms.

MathVet
Finds part of it stated, or a narrower or weaker statement Their term: “weaker-statement”.
The challenge statements do not imply the headline claim: they state a nontrivially weaker statement. Their record
Their note: Only max-modulus <= (1+eta)sqrt(N) and L^p (finite p) flatness are stated; uniform ultraflatness (two-sided, sup norm), merit factor -> infinity and the disproof of Turyn's conjecture are not. Two of the three index papers (Oct 5) are not linked in docs.
Carlos Toledo’s cert-machine
Finds part of it stated, or a narrower or weaker statement Their term: “NARROWER — UNLINKED”.
The challenge statements state less than the headline; the missing part comes from a paper the Lean note does not link. Their record
Their note: The lower half of ultraflatness — min over |z| = 1 of |P_N(z)| ≥ (1−ε)√N for every large N, including z = ±1 — is not stated; the Lean gives the upper bound and finite-p L^p flatness only. The merit-factor clause is implied, not stated.

Read the complete assessments on the family page.

OpenAI’s own note on what this Lean statement covers

“The formalization gives real Littlewood polynomials of every sufficiently large length whose maximum modulus on the unit circle is at most $(1+\eta)\sqrt N$ for any fixed $\eta>0$. Thus the smallest possible maximum is asymptotically minimal through all integer lengths.”
Quoted from OpenAI’s Lean note for this family

An AI agent drafted an interpretation of that note, classifying this statement as “states a paper’s theorem as the paper does”. No human review of the draft is recorded.

Supporting material

The complete Lean statement file

23 lines, copied from release version fd4aeeb. A name defined in this file links to its line; pointing at the name shows its definition.

Declared in this fileOpenAI’s library at fd4aeebOther linked names open the current documentation for Mathlib, Lean’s mathematical library.

Links in the file: 3 to its own declarations, 5 to Mathlib’s documentation. 4 declared names also link to the same declaration in OpenAI’s library. OpenAI uses Mathlib version d13f23b. The linked documentation describes the current version, so names that have since changed may be missing there.

Definitions and lemmas named by the statement

If Comparator accepts a proof, it proves main exactly as written here. To compare that statement with the paper, also read the definitions and lemmas listed below. Atlas found them by following names in the source text and lists each after the names it uses. For x.foo, Atlas includes every foo defined here for a type, even when the statement may use only one of them.

It reaches all 3 other declarations of the file; with the theorem itself they span 10 lines. 1 of them is named in the statement itself.

Names in the namespace OAI.AsymptoticallyMinimalLittlewood are listed without it.

def littlewoodValueline 7library
def IsRealSigningline 10library
def MainStatementline 13in the statementlibrary
theorem mainline 18selected theoremlibrary

import Mathlibnamespace OAInamespace AsymptoticallyMinimalLittlewooddef littlewoodValue {N : ℕ} (ε : Fin N → ℝ) (z : ℂ) : ℂ :=  ∑ k : Fin N, (ε k : ℂ) * z ^ (k : ℕ)def IsRealSigning {N : ℕ} (ε : Fin N → ℝ) : Prop :=  ∀ k, ε k = -1 ∨ ε k = 1def MainStatement : Prop :=  ∀ η : ℝ, 0 < η → ∃ N₀ : ℕ, 1 ≤ N₀ ∧ ∀ N : ℕ, N₀ ≤ N →    ∃ ε : Fin N → ℝ, IsRealSigning ε ∧      ∀ z : ℂ, ‖z‖ = 1 → ‖littlewoodValue ε z‖ ≤ (1 + η) * Real.sqrt Ntheorem main : MainStatement := by  sorryend AsymptoticallyMinimalLittlewoodend OAI

Every extracted statement of the accompanying papers

The statements the atlas extracted automatically from each accompanying paper’s TeX source, with links to the full sources.

Asymptotically minimal maxima of real Littlewood polynomials

Theorem

For Littlewood polynomials with real coefficients,

\lim_{N\to\infty}m_N=1.

Equivalently, for every \eta>0 there is N_0 such that for every integer N\ge N_0 there are signs \varepsilon_0,\ldots,\varepsilon_{N-1} with

\max_{|z|=1}\left|\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}\varepsilon_kz^k\right| \le(1+\eta)\sqrt N.

Section 1, Introduction Read it in the paper TeX source, line 22

Show the TeX

For Littlewood polynomials with real coefficients,
\[
 \lim_{N\to\infty}m_N=1.
\]
Equivalently, for every $\eta>0$ there is $N_0$ such that for every integer
$N\ge N_0$ there are signs $\varepsilon_0,\ldots,\varepsilon_{N-1}$ with
\[
 \max_{|z|=1}\left|\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}\varepsilon_kz^k\right|
 \le(1+\eta)\sqrt N.
\]

Configuration and file facts

File: lean/ComparatorChallenges/AsymptoticallyMinimalLittlewood.lean
OpenAI’s Lean catalogue: OpenAI lists this as a main result in its Lean catalogue.
Solution module: OAI/Analysis/Littlewood/Main.lean
Allowed axioms: propext, Quot.sound, Classical.choiceThe axioms this configuration allows a proof to use. A replay shows which of them a proof uses.
Imports: Mathlib
Imports from outside Mathlib: None
Local vocabulary: 3 local vocabulary declarations
Lines of Lean, without comments or blank lines: 10
Second proof-verification program (nanoda): Off in OpenAI's configuration.

A shareable summary of this page: the proposed paper match, what the Lean statement expresses, and which reviews are recorded.

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